An Educational Manifesto - Ambleside Online Year 4

Every scholar of six years old and upwards should study with 'delight' his own, living, books on every subject in a pretty wide curriculum. 
Children between six and eight must for the most part have their books read to them.

School Education by Charlotte Mason  

This year is the 7th and the last year I'll be teaching 4th Grade in our home but it's the first time I've used Ambleside Online for this particular year. Being the year that covers the mid-sixteen to late seventeen-hundreds, Australian History comes alive for us, so I've had to give some thought as to what substitutions we could make - preferably using what books we already have on hand.

Last year I read through Volume 3, School Education by Charlotte Mason and then read Leslie Laurio's modern paraphrase of 'An Educational Manifesto,' which I quote with permission below. 

Children learn best from real, tangible things, and books. Tangible things include:

     a. Natural structures for physical activity like climbing, swimming, walking, etc.

     b. Resources for working and building with, such as wood, leather or clay.

     c. Natural objects in their native habitat, like birds, plants, creeks, and stones.

     d. Works of art.

     e. Scientific instruments.

It was very helpful to spend some time thinking through this Manifesto - Charlotte Mason's 'philosophy of education in a nutshell' - as I planned out my little girl's year:

What real, tangible things have I included?

Swimming, highland dancing, cello

Nature walks, gardening

Needlework, cooking, woodburning

Caring for the cat

Drawing

Picture Study
Stamp Collecting

Have I left enough time to actually do them?

Have I scheduled them so that they will actually get done?

Do we have the resources we need? Are they where I can easily find them?

Most people acknowledge the need for tangible things in learning, as in hands-on education, but fewer people recognize that intellectual education has to come from books.

I wrote a post on substituting books after planning an Australian version of AO Year 9 for one of the boys about two years ago after spending some time reading what Charlotte Mason had to say on the subject. 

Education is the Science of Relations; that is, that a child has natural relations with a vast number of things and thoughts: so we must train him upon physical exercises, nature, handicrafts, science and art, and upon many living books; for we know that our business is, not to teach him all about anything, but to help him make valid, as many as may be of

     'Those first born affinities,
     'That fit our new existence to existing things.'

A Philosophy of Education, pg xxx

With all the above in mind here is our Year 4 Ambleside Online modified for Australia. Books in this colour are scheduled or optional Ambleside Online books for Year 4. At the time of writing we are going into Week 9:

History studied in Year 4: 1640-1700's (French and American Revolutions)

All the History options, except A Child's History of the World, plus two biographies were picked up years ago in op shops, library sales and Lifeline Book Fares (I use the free online version of Our Empire Story) and cost under $10 all up. I come across these titles from time to time so they are still available.

Abel Tasman: Project Gutenberg

History & Geography

** ***George Washington's World by Genevieve Foster

* ** *** History of Australia Ch 1 to 8 (read aloud)

* ** *** Our Sunburnt Country Ch 1 to 5

* *** Our Empire Story - 3 Chapters (Pg 125-142)

* ** A Child's History of the World Ch 67-72 1st Edition

** An Island Story Ch 95 & 96

* Term 1 (1640-1720)

Our Sunburnt Country Ch 1 'The Land of the Dreamtime'
A Child's History of the World Ch 67 'The King Who Lost his Head' (Charles I)

History of Australia Ch 1 'The Beginnings' (selected sections)
History of Australia Ch 2 'South of the Spice Islands'

A Child's History of the World Ch 68 'Red Cap & Red Heels' (Louis XIV)

History of Australia Ch 3 'Piecing Together a Continent' (Tasman & Dampier) 1642-1700

Our Empire Story by H.E. Marshall - 'There Is Nothing New under the Sun' - up to 'Dampier feared to stay longer, lest his men should fall ill in that desert land. So he steered away to the East Indies and from thence sailed homeward.' (1699)

Our Sunburnt Country Ch 2  'New Visitors to an Old Land' (Pg 21-30)

** Term 2 (1720 - 1773)

Our Sunburnt Country Ch 2  'New Visitors to an Old Land' (Pg 30-37)
Our Empire Story - 'Nothing New Under the Sun' from 'Many years passed' to end of chapter (1768)
History of Australia Ch 4 Captain James Cook & The Endeavour 1770

A Child's History of the World Ch 69 ' A Self-Made Man' (Peter the Great)
A Child's History of the World Ch 70 'A Prince who Ran Away' (Frederick the Great)
Our Island Story Ch 95  & 96 (George III)
A Child's History of the World Ch 71 'America Gets Rid of Her King' (George III)

*** Term 3 (1773 - 1780)

Our Sunburnt Country Ch 3 'They Came and Stayed'

History of Australia Ch 5 'Bound for Botany Bay' (The First Fleet, 1787)
Our Empire Story - The Founding of Sydney (1788)

History of Australia Ch 6 'Settlement'

History of Australia Ch 7 'Convicts'

History of Australia Ch 8 'Completing the Coastline' (Matthew Flinders)

Our Sunburnt Country Ch 4 'Rum and Rebellion'

Our Empire Story - 'The Adventures of George Bass and Matthew Flinders' (1796)
Our Sunburnt Country Ch 5 'Bass and Flinders Map the Coastline'

History Tales and/or Biography

Trial and Triumph by Richard Hannula (with some omissions)

**James Ruse: Pioneer Wheat Farmer (1760 - 1808) by Jean Chapman

** ***James Cook: Royal Navy by George Finkel
*** Matthew Flinders by George Finkel

Geography

* ** Long's Home Geography - free online 

*** The Old Man River of Australia by Leila Pirani (thanks to Jeanne for this suggestion)
Map work

Natural History/Science

All the Ambleside Online selections with the exception of the optional title plus:

* How Did We Find Out About Numbers? by Isaac Asimov (short review here)
** How Did We Find Out About Vitamins? by Isaac Asimov ( Ch 1-3)

** Karrawingi the Emu by Leslie Rees
*** Monarch of the Western Skies: The Story of a Wedge-tailed Eagle by C.K. Thompson

Literature

All the Ambleside Online selections plus:

*** Trim by Matthew Flinders

Latin

Getting Started with Latin by William Linney

Grammar 

No set programme but I use this book as a guide for me.

French - selections we use are in a blog post I did last year.

Group Work

Devotions, Shakespeare, Plutarch, Hymns, Folksongs, Composer & Picture Study, Read aloud.

Free reads - as scheduled at Ambleside Online.

Other Options for Australians & New Zealanders:

Young Nick's Head by Karen Hesse

(Also published under the title Stowaway) Fictional but based on fact. Written in the form of a diary by a young boy, Nicholas Young, on board The Endeavour who was the first European to sight New Zealand.

At this age, I'd suggest reading it aloud. It was a while ago that I read it but do remember doing a little editing as I went.

All About Captain Cook by Armstrong Sperry - an easier book than Finkel's but still good.

The Cannibal Islands by R.M. Ballantyne - preview first. The author's style is similar to G.A. Henty but his descriptions can be a bit gory!

John of the Sirius & John of Sydney Cove by Doris Chadwick were books Ruth (have a look around her website for other Australian options) introduced us to over 13 years ago. We managed to find our own copies about 10 years ago ($2 each) but they're hard to find now. They're a fun read aloud if you have younger children also and fit the time period studied in Year 4.

I considered adding A Dutchman Bold: The Story of Abel Tasman by George Finkel (152pg) in Term 1 but between the three main texts of Our Empire Story, History of Australia & Our Sunburnt Country, I thought I'd covered Tasman well. It might be a good addition anyhow if you're looking for a biography choice.

This chronological list of books for Australian History at Aussie Homechool was put together years ago by the CM&Friends-ANZ email group.

 
Scheduling

I keep this very simple and it's basically the same format I've used for everyone. Before the beginning of a new week I look at the AO schedule for the coming week and put in the next chapters etc for that week. I don't have everything written on the page - eg. in week 8 we did History of Australia whereas the week before we did a chapter from Our Sunburnt Country so I do some cutting & pasting & add or subtract the boxes where necessary. There are certain things I like them to get done first (Maths & music practise for example) but that's not reflected on the page. They just know that certain subjects need to get done earlier.

'Education, to be successful, must not only inform but inspire.'

T. Sharper Knowlson

Book Substitutions When Using Ambleside Online - Some Considerations

About eighteen months ago I modified Ambleside OnlineYear 9 for my 16 year old son, Nougat. He'd previously done AO Year 8 as is, with a couple of exceptions, but Year 9 is heavy on American History so I decided to change things to suit our Australian situation.

It's not until you try to make large adjustments to the Ambleside Curriculum that you realise how much work went into its preparation in the first place, so where possible I'd much prefer to follow it as written.

Year 9 covers the time period 1688 to 1815 which fits well with early Australian History so I made the decision to use this year to focus on that.

What I was concerned about most in making changes to AO (besides the amount of time, effort and research involved!) was:

1) Keeping the page counts of the books I used as substitutes as close as possible to the original count.

2) Keeping the chronological order and flow of the time period that Year 9 covers.

3) Choosing appropriate living books as substitutes.

The following are some thoughts and ideas related to the three concerns above that were helpful to me as I made these adjustments:

1) Comparing the amount of pages that Charlotte Mason had her students read at different levels. I wanted to make sure my son wasn't going to be short changed by my choices and that he was suitably challenged. This page on the AO website addresses this.

2) Churchill's History (Age of Revolution) used as scheduled for Year 9 helped me keep a sense of continuity. Written by a British author, this series of books scheduled throughout AO's upper years, is suitable for any country that was or is part of the Commonwealth. This comparative chronology - which I found online at archive.org. helped me in places where I needed to substitute a book and keep the chronological flow intact.

3) Living books is a term that's widely used and I've seen all sorts of books given this label by people from many different educational slants. Seeing that it was Charlotte Mason who coined the term, it makes sense to know what her opinion was. The quotes are taken from her Home Education Series volumes 2 & 6 unless otherwise noted:

The books shouldn't be twaddle (worthless, tedious, trivial, feeble).

They should be written with literary power.

They should contain 'mind stuff,' both quality and quantity.

They should not be watered down and drained of literary flavour.

The book should enable the child to receive,

'impressions new and vivid from some other mind which is immediately receiving these impressions; not after they have been made stale and dull by a process of filtering through many intermediate minds, and at last find their way into a text-book.' Vol 2: pg. 278

It must be, 

'living, vital, of a nature to invite the living Intellect of the universe.'

They must have the best,

'...children must have books, living books; the best are not too good for them; anything less than the best is not good.'

A.W. Tozer said something similar, although he was not talking only about children:

'Since what we read in a real sense enters the soul, it is vitally important that we read the best and nothing but the best.'

The books should require mental labour. A Parent's Review article said that some books,

'give children the minimum of mental labour and the result is much the same as that left on older persons by the reading of a magazine. We find on the other hand that in working through a considerable book the interest of boys and girls is well sustained to the end.

The boys and girls gain knowledge as they dig for it; labour prepares the way for assimilation, that mental process which converts information into knowledge...'

Sir Walter Scott, an author admired by Charlotte Mason, wrote:

'Children derive impulses of a powerful kind in hearing things which they cannot entirely comprehend, and therefore to write down to children's understanding is a mistake.'

I like to know something of an author's background when I read anything they've written for the first time. Knowing something of the author's history and character may help determine whether the writing has a living quality or not. This quote from a Parent's Review article is an insightful thought on the 'living' author. The whole article is well worth reading:

'... good literature is the natural result of that sane outlook which only comes from a share in the active life of humanity and a living conviction of the significance of daily toil, of words and deeds and human relationships, and, above all, of the beauty of the world, and from a living faith too in God, and the triumph of Good over Evil. As soon as men cease themselves to live, and only write, the effect is evident in a certain lack of virility in their outlook.'

The book should not be just informative:

'For the mind is capable of dealing with only one kind of food; it lives, grows and is nourished upon ideas only; mere information is to it as a meal of sawdust to the body.

'... it seems to be necessary to present ideas with a great deal of padding, as they reach us in a novel or poem or history book written with literary power. A child cannot in mind or body live upon tabloids however scientifically prepared; out of a whole big book he may not get more than half a dozen of those ideas upon which his spirit thrives...'

Vol. 6 chpt. VI

Other considerations:

Two (or more) heads are better than one. Being a part of a community such as the Ambleside Online Forum provides access to a wide range of other home educators with various gifts, abilities and experience in home education and using CM's ideas. Tapping into these resources can save a lot of time and bring to light something we might have neglected to consider. Discussing ideas on the forum may also help someone further down the track who encounters the same need to modify the curriculum to suit the circumstances they are in.

I posted a weekly schedule for the first twelve weeks of the year here using the adjustments I made.

This post shows the Australian History & Geography selections I found for Year 9. He didn't use every single one of them but these were some I thought would work. I also tried to find books that were available free online or were easily obtained from an Australian library.

This post shows the breakdown of books in each subject area.

Nougat completed the year and I used his studies to give him a Year 10 equivalent certificate. He received a credit for every subject he covered fully for the year and to gain the certificate he was required to have 12 credits. For example, completing Saxon Algebra 1 was worth one credit, as was completing the assigned history readings for the year, as was doing his double bass practice, orchestra involvement and having weekly music lessons and so on.

To obtain a percentage for the grade level, I either averaged his test marks (maths) or based it on the quality of his written narrations, the completion of books scheduled for various subjects, pages done in his science notebook etc.
This is basically how I structured it:

With both Nougat and his older brother, Hoggy, we've had to produce something that employers can relate to as they didn't have 'official' documents. We were asked if I they had had any 'formal' education and our answer was, "Yes, but not at an institution."
Large training companies often have a compulsory entrance exam and both boys were able to do these and get good marks but we first had to put together comprehensive resumes/portfolios to show that they had the required academic ability and skills before we even got in the door. In some ways this was harder than navigating the university path for their three older siblings.

AO Year 9 – Weekly Schedule for an Australian Student: Part 4

Week 1

Bible
The Great Divorce, Lewis
Age of Revolution, William of Orange -Chpt 1

Book of Marvels, 1,2
Buccaneer Explorer – Intro & Chpt1

Short History of Australia – Chpt 2 up to pg. 17 ‘…for many years to come...'
Whatever Happened to Justice?
Microbe Hunters ch 1 Leeuwenhook (there are 4 sections; space it out for the Week)
History of English Literature Chap 60 Dryden - The New Poetry  

Algebra 1

Poetry - Wordsworth

Copywork 

TCOO - Founding of New Haven, chpt. 30

Timeline Entries

Mapwork  

Bush Calendar - January

Apologia Physical Science

Nature Studies in Australia – chpt 1

Nature Journal

Shakespeare - The Tempest
Plutarch - Dion
Hymn – Trust and Obey
Folksong –   Mairi’s Wedding

Double Bass practice

Artist – George Seurat: ‘The Rock Breakers,' Le Raincy. 1882

Composer - Mendelsohn                                                                 

                                                      

Week 2

Bible
The Great Divorce
Saints and Heroes by G Hodges (Vol 2) 13 Fox, 1624-1691
Age of Revolution, Continental War – Chpt. 2
Book of Marvels, 3,4      
Nature Journal

TCOO - Chpt 31. Hunt for the Regicides 
Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 2 – space out for the week

Washington (Four Great Americans) – Chpt 1-5 

Whatever Happened to Justice?

Microbe Hunters ch 2 Spallanzani (7 sections; space it out for the Week)

Saxon Maths – Algebra 1

Poetry - Wordsworth 
Timeline entries
Copywork
Mapwork

Apologia Physical Science
Nature Studies in Australia - Chpt. 2

Shakespeare                                                                                                                                                
Plutarch - Dion

Hymn – Trust and Obey

Folksongs – Mairi’s Wedding

Artist – George Seurat: ‘The Rock Breakers, Le Raincy.’ 1882
Composer - Mendelssohn

Week 3

Bible
The Great Divorce
Age of Revolution, The Spanish Succession - Chpt. 3
Book of Marvels, 5,6
Washington Chpt. 6- 10
Buccaneer Explorer - Chpt. 3
Whatever Happened to Justice?
TCOO - Chpt. 32. King Philip's War
Nature Journal
History of English Literature Chpt.61 Defoe - The First Newspapers
Saxon Maths - Algebra 1
Poetry - Wordsworth
Timeline Entries
Copywork.
Mapwork
Apologia Physical Science
Nature Studies in Australia - Chpt. 3 & 4
Shakespeare
Plutarch - Dion
Grammar of Poetry
Our Mother Tongue - lesson 1
Hymn - Trust and Obey
Folksong - Mairi's Wedding
Artist - George Seurat: 'Man Cleaning his Boat.' 1883
Count of Monte Christo - Chpt. 1-3
Composer - Mendelssohn
Dictation
Written Narrations


Week 4

Bible

The Great Divorce
Saints and Heroes by G Hodges (Vol 2) 14 Wesley, 1703-1791
Age of Revolution, Marlborough; Chpt. 4 – finish at top of pg. 37

Washington Chpt. 11-15

Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 3 - finish
Book of Marvels, 7, 8
Whatever Happened to Justice?

TCOO – Chpt. 33. How the Charter of Connecticut was Saved
Count of Monte Christo – Chpt. 4,5,6
Saxon Maths – Algebra 1
Poetry - Wordsworth
Timeline Entries
Copywork

Mapwork
Apologia Physical Science
Shakespeare
Our Mother Tongue – Lesson 2
Nature Studies in Australia – Chpt.5

Bush Calendar – February 

Nature Journal
Hymn – Trust & Obey
Artist - George Seurat: Bathers at Asnieres, 1883-84
Folksong – Mairi’s Wedding 

Composer – Mendelssohn

Dictation

Plutarch – Dion

Written Narrations 

Double Bass

                                                                                                                                                                              

Week 5

Bible
The Great Divorce - pg. 45-53

Age of Revolution, Marlborough; Chpt. 4 - pg. 37-45

Ben Franklin – Chpt. I-IV
Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 4. Divide into 5 sections for reading
Book of Marvels, 9, 10
Whatever Happened to Justice? Chapt. 26 & 27
TCOO – Chpt. 34. The Witches of Salem
Count of Monte Christo – Chpt. 7, 8, 9
History of English Literature Chap 62 Defoe - "Robinson Crusoe"
Saxon Maths – Algebra 1
Poetry - Wordsworth
Timeline Entries
Copywork
Mapwork
Apologia Physical Science – Finish Module 8; Do module test.
Shakespeare

Nature Studies in Australia – Chpt. 6
Nature Journal
Hymn – Trust & Obey   

Artist –  George Seurat: Sunday on La Grande Jatte 1884

Folksong – Mairi’s Wedding

Composer – Mendelssohn

Plutarch – Dion

Dictation

Written Narrations

Double Bass

Grammar of Poetry – Lesson 23: Alliteration Imitation 

Week 6  

Bible
The Great Divorce
Age of Revolution, Marlborough; Chpt 4 – finish chapter
Ben Franklin – Chpt. V-VIII
Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 5. Divide into 5 sections for reading
Book of Marvels, 11, 12
Whatever Happened to Justice? Chpt. 27 & 28
TCOO – Chpt 35. Founding of Maryland
Count of Monte Christo, 10, 11, 12
History of English Literature Chap 63 Swift
Khan Academy videos - Algebra
Poetry - Wordsworth
Timeline Entries
Copywork
Apologia Physical Science – Module 9
Shakespeare
Nature Studies in Australia – Chpt. 7
Nature Journal
Hymn – There is a Redeemer

Artist - George Seurat: Eiffel Tower 1889

Folksong – Bound for South Australia

Composer – Mendelssohn  

Plutarch - Dion

Dictation  

Written Narrations

Double Bass  

Our Mother Tongue - Lesson 3

Week 7

Bible
The Great Divorce
Age of Revolution, Chpt. 5 – Pg. 53-57
Ben Franklin – Chpt. IX- XI 
Buccaneer Explorer – Chapter 6: up to pg. 134

Book of Marvels, 13, 14
Whatever Happened to Justice – Chpt. 29
TCOO – Chpt. 36
Khan Academy videos - Algebra
Timeline Entries
Copywork
Nature Studies in Australia – Chpt. 8
Poetry - Wordsworth
Apologia Physical Science  - Module 9
Shakespeare – The Tempest
Nature Journal       
Hymn - There is a Redeemer

Artist - George Seurat: The Circus 1891   

Composer - Mendelssohn

Plutarch – Dion 

Dictation   
Written Narrations                                                                                                                                        Grammar of Poetry – Lesson 24 – pgs. 45 & 46 

Count of Monte Christo, 13, 14, 15
The Arts – Chpt. 41; Rococo
Folksong – Bound for South Australia

            
Week 8

Bible
The Great Divorce
Age of Revolution, Pg. 58 – end of chpt. V
Ben Franklin – Chpt. IX-XII
Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 6: 134-143 end at ’tis their ordinary drink.’ Do mapwork on Dampier’s journeys
Book of Marvels, 15, 16
Whatever Happened to Justice? Chpt. 30
TCOO – Chpt. 37
Khan Academy Videos - Algebra
History of English Literature Chap 64 Swift Gulliver's Travels
Poetry - Wordsworth
Timeline Entries
Copywork
Apologia Physical Science
Shakespeare – The Tempest
Nature Study in Australia – Chpt. 9
Bush Calendar - March
Nature Journal
Hymn – There is a Redeemer; Easter Song
Artist – George Seurat: Pointillism
Composer - Mendelssohn
Folksongs – Bound for South Australia 
Dictation
Written Narrations
Our Mother Tongue – Lesson 4
Count of Monte Christo, 16, 17, 18
The Arts - hpt. 42: Some More Rococco

Week 9

Bible
The Great Divorce
Age of Revolution
Ben Franklin - finish the book
Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 7
Book of Marvels
Whatever Happened to Justice?
TCOO – Chpt. 38
Khan Academy videos - Algebra
Timeline Entries
Copywork
Nature Studies in Australia – Chpt. 11
Poetry - Wordsworth
Apologia Physical Science – Module #9
Shakespeare – The Tempest
Nature Journal
Hymn – There is a Redeemer, Easter Song
Artist –  Hans Heysen, An Early Summer Morning Ambleside,1923  

Composer – Mendelssohn                                                                                  

Dictation

Written Narrations

Count of Monte Christo, 19, 20, 21                                                                                          

Folksong – Bound for South Australia

Week 10

BibleThe Great Divorce - pg. 77-81
Age of Revolution, Chpt. 6, pg. 70-75
Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 7pg. 163-173
Book of Marvels, 17
Whatever Happened to Justice? chpt. 33
TCOO – Chpt. 39
History of English Literature - Chpt. 65, Joseph Addison
Khan Academy videos - Algebra
Timeline Entries
Copywork
Nature Studies in Australia – Chpt. 12
Poetry - Wordsworth
Apologia Physical Science – finish Module #9
Shakespeare – The Tempest
Nature Journal
Hymn – Come Ye Sinners
Artist –  Hans Heysen, The Hillside, Glen Lomond 1936

Composer – Tchaikovsky                                                                                  

Dictation

Written Narrations

Count of Monte Christo, 22, 23, 24

Folksong - Sink the Bismarck

Grammar of Poetry - Lesson 25
Double Bass


Week 11

                                                                                                              

Bible
Great Divorce: pg. 82-96
Age of Revolution, Chpt. 6: pg. 70-75
Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 7, pg. 163-173
Book of Marvels, 18
TCOO – Chpt. 40
Whatever Happened to Justice? Chpt. 33
Timeline Entries
History of English Literature Chap 65 Joseph Addison "the Spectator"
Copywork
Nature Studies in Australia – Chpt. 12
Grammar of Poetry – Lesson 25
Nature Journal
Hymn – Come Ye Sinners
Poetry - Wordsworth
Apologia Physical Science – Start Module 10
Shakespeare – The Tempest

Composer -  Tchaikovsky
Hymn - Come Ye Sinners

Count of Monte Christo, 22, 23, 24
Khan Academy - Algebra

Folksong - Sink the Bismarck 

Double Bass

Artist: Hans Heysen, Summer 1909

Week 12

Bible
Great Divorce: Pg 97-105
Age of Revolution, Chpt. 6 - pg. 75 to end of chapter                     
Short History of Australia – finish Chpt. 2; Chpt. 3 up to ‘The veil is lifted again…’
Buccaneer Explorer – Chpt. 7
Book of Marvels, 19
TCOO – Chpt. 41
Whatever Happened to Justice? Chpt. 34
History of English Literature Chap 66 Dick Steele
Copywork 
Nature Journal
Nature Studies in Australia – Chpt. 13
Grammar of Poetry – Lesson 25
Hymn  - Come Ye Sinners                                                                                            
Poetry - Wordsworth
Apologia Physical Science – Module 10
Shakespeare – The Tempest 
Composer -Tchaikovsky
Count of Monte Christo, 25, 26, 27                                                                                                
Khan Academy Algebra
Folksong – Sink the Bismarck
DoubleBass                                                                                                                                                                                          Timeline Entries 
Artist: Hans Heysen, Drought Sheep, 1916-1921